1. What is called human body-form ?
- Because of which 'Karma' the soul gets human disposition, is called human body-form.
- Those who are excellent/eminent by mind ,are called 'Manusha' (human) and their bodyform is called human body-form.
- Those who always think what is worthless and what is worthy (acceptable and nonacceptable), element-non element (reality-unreality), religion - irreligion and are expert in doing accordingly, are called human beings and their body-form is human body-form.
- They are called human beings because of offspring of 'Manu' (Kulkara).
2. How many kinds of human beings are there with regard to region ?
With regard to region, human beings are of two kinds 'Karamabhumij' (born in land of action) and 'Bhogbhumij" (born in the land of worldly pleasures)
(1) Karamabhumij - Where profession of defence services, ink (Accountancy), agriculture, knowledge, handicraft and trade are adopted for earning livelihood and for offering food, etc. to worthy person (ascetics ,etc.); from where hell is destined through inauspicious acts and heaven through auspicious act; from where one can go up to 'Sarvarthasiddhi Vimana' (one of the five 'Anuttara Vimana (space-craft)) through penance (by becoming 'Muni') and from where final emancipation (salvation) can also be obtained by destroying all the eight Karmas, that land is 'Karambhumi'; and beings born in 'Karmabhumi' ,are called 'Karamabhumij' beings.
(2) Bhogbhumij - Where above 'six professions (Army/defence services, etc.) are not required to be done for earning livelihood, where stuffs obtained from ten kinds of Kalpavraksha are enjoyed, is called Bhogabhumi and beings born in Bhogabhumi are called Bhogbhumija. (Sarvarthsiddhi, 3/37/437)
3. What are Kalpvraksha (wish-fulfilling trees) and of which kinds they are ?
The trees which give desired things, are called Kalpvraksha.
They are of ten kinds -
1. Pananga - These used to supply 32 kinds of sweet and tasteful drinkables en dowed with six kinds of juices/savours.
2. Turiyanga - These supply many kinds of musical instruments.
3. Bhushananga - These provide bangles, waist-ornamnts (belt) necklace, crown, etc. ornaments.
4. Vastrayanga - These supply clothes of super quality.
5. Bhojnanga - These supply many kinds of relishing food endowed with many kinds of savours.
6. Alayanga - These offer charming divine super-natural houses.
7. Deepanga - These give light (brightness)
8. Bhajnanga - These provide vessels and sitting-mats, etc. made of gold and jewels.
9. Malanga - These supply garlands of very good beautiful flowers.
10 Tejanga - These are providers of such kinds of radiant light which is more bright than crores of Sun. The light of the sun and the moon becomes dull (lack-lustre) before the light of 'Tejanaga Kalpavraksha'. (Tiloy pannati, 4/346)
'Pananga Kalpvrakshas' are also called Madyanga These supply juice like ambrosia. In reality it is a kind of juice obtained from trees which is consumed by 'Aryans' born in 'Bhogabhumi'. But the kind of alcohol which drinkers drink here, (in this Karmabhumi) is intoxicating and infatuates the conscience, therefore it is entirley forbidden for Aryans'.(Adi puran, 9/37-39)
4. How many kinds of human beings are there with regard to their conduct ?
With regard to conduct, human beings are of two kinds - 'Arya' & 'Mlechha' (barbarians). Human beings with religion and ceremonial rites and of supreme attributes, are called 'Aryas' and who are devoid of religion and (righteous conduct) rites and are debased (corrupt) by conduct & views, are called 'Mlechhas'. 'Aryas' are of two kinds,
1. Endowed with supernatural accomplishments.
2. Devoid of super-natural powers.
Muniraj endowed with following seven supernatural-powers (Riddhis) are 'Riddhi-Prapta-Arya - viz. Buddhi', (super-normal faculties of Knowledge), 'Tapa' (power of penance), Bala (extraordinary power), 'Vikriya' (power of transformation of the body and bodily limbs), 'Aushadh' (power to heal and cure), 'Rasa' (acquisition of miraculous power of saving and destroying life by a mere word or look and power to multify articles of food ,etc.) and 'Kshetra' (Akshinna Mahanasa & Akshinna Mahalaya). Akshinna Riddhi is of two kinds, namely Akshinne Mahanas, i.e. acquistion of power to feed large body of men and Akshinna Mahalaya, i.e power to accommodate large numbers of people in the small area without crowding). The ascetics endowed with these seven kinds of supernatural powers, are called Riddhiprapta Arya. Aryas deprived of Riddhi are of 5 kinds
(1) Kshetrarya :- Born in supreme country like Kashi, Kausal, Malva, etc. is 'Kshetrarya'.
(2) Jatyaraya :- Bon in the lineage (race) of'Ichhvaku Jñāti', Bhoj, etc. are 'Jatyaraya'.
(3) Karmarya :- Who adopts profession of Army/defence services, ink (Accountancy/ clerical work), agriculture, knowledge, handicraft and trade, are 'Karmarya'.
(4) Charitrayarya :- Observers of abstinence, are 'Charitraarya'.
(5) Darshanarya :- A right-believer but deprived of vows, is 'Darshnarya'. (Sarvarthsiddhi, 3/36/435)
Mlechha human beings are of two kinds -
'Antardvipaj' (resident of internal continents) and 'Karmabhumij'(resident of Karmabhumi'). Born in internal continents are Antardvipaj Mlechhas and Shaka, Yavana, Shavara, Pulinda, etc. are 'Karmabhumij' Mlechhas.
5. Where do Antardvipaj Mleccha live? What is their shape and food ?
In the place where Antardvipaj humans live, is called bad pleasure land. These include four in all the four directions in the Lavan ocean on the shore of Jambudvipa; four in all the four sub-directions, one each in the middle of each direction and sub-direction, i.e. total eight, and one each in both the ends of Vijardha mountain of Airavat region ,i.e. four, and one each on both the ends of Himvan & Shikhri mountains ,i.e. four. Thus there are 4+4+8+4+4 = 24. Similarly 24 Antardvipas on the other shore of the Lavan ocean and also 24 each on both the shores of Kalodadhi ocean. Thus there are 48+48 = 96 bad-pleasure lands. formed human beings live there, hence, these are called bad-pleasure lands.
Among these Antardvipas beast-like human beings of the east direction are of one leg; of the south direction are with tails; of the west are with horn and of the north are dumb. In the south-east ,etc. sub-directions are like ear of fish, ear like cloak(Pravaran), long ears and like ears of rabbit. Similarly, in the middle of fish-like ears and human beings of one leg ,i.e. in the eight inter-directions eight beast-like human beings are with the face like lion, hourse, dog, baffalo, boar, tiger, owl and monkey.
In the east direction of Himvan mountain beast - like human beings are of the face of fish and in the west direction are of the black (dangerous) face, in the east direction of the south Vijyardha are of the face of ram and in the west direction are of the cow-face; in the east of the Shikhri mountain are of the face of cloud (Meghmukh) and in the west direction of the face of electricity (sparkling )and in the east direction of the north Vijyardha, of the face of mirror and in the west direction of the face of elephant like substandard human beings live. Out of them beast like human beings of one leg live in the caves and take food of soil and remaining human beings take food of fruits & flowers and live on the trees. All arrangements in the bad pleasure land remain like lowest pleasure lands. (Tirloksar, 913-196)
6. How many Gunasthans (spiritual stage of development) are there of Mlechhas ?
Although Antardvipaja Mlechhas (of bad pleasure lands) take birth with false belief, debased Gunasthan but he can attain right belief- from 1st to fourth Gunasthan (T. P., 4/ 2554-55). There is only first Gunasthan in all other Mlecchas Khandas (T. P., 4/2582). Perhaps Mlechhas of the Action land (Karam Bhumija) came from Mlechha Khanda to Arya Khanda and offspring of Chakravarti born from their daughters could also attain ability to take initiation. (Labdhisar commentary, 195)
7. What is the reason of taking birth in 'Kubhogbhumi' (the land of beast like people)?
Who is ready to indulge in devotion of false deities, slanderer of Digamber Jain saints, who despite assuming 'Jinlinga' (lustrous posture of Lord Jinendra, i.e. saints or observer of vows of Ailaka', 'Kshullaka' and 'Ariyaka') are involved in illusory acts (deceitful acts) and are engaged in settling and causing marriages to be done of house-holders, who do not criticizel regret their small and big faults before 'Gurus', etc. are the causes of taking birth in Kubhogbhumi as Mlechhas having beast form. (T. P., 4/2540-2551)
8. What is the reason of taking birth in 'Bhogbhumi' ?
Those who despite having feelings of false belief are less passionate and are renouncer of wine, honey and meat, who offer food to saints or approve it , such human beings and Tiryancha take birth in Bhogabhumi. And human beings who have already bonded the age of human beings or of Tiryancha and afterwads have obtained infinite right-belief (Kshayika Samyakatva) then such right believers human beings also take birth in Bhogabhumi. (T. P., 4/369-372)
9. Whether only human beings live in 'Kubhogabhumi' or also animals ?
Both couple of human beings and Tiryancha live in Kubhogabhumi. (T. P., 4/2552)
10. What is the characteristic of 'Sammurchhana' human being' (spontaneously generated)?
Sammurchhana human being begins all the six Paryaptis (gaining the capacity to develop fully the characteristics of the body) at one and the same time but does not complete even one of them and dies. Their minimum duration of life measures mean-worlds birth, i.e. Kshudra Bhava (one eighteenth of one breath) and their length of body (Avgahna) mesures equal to the breadth of one finger divided by innumberables, (i.e. innumberableth part of the breadth of one finger (i.e. micro organism). They are of the neuter gender (sex) only. These are generated in armpit and erotic parts of the female body (private parts, i.e. female genital organs). These are not visible by open eyes.
11. What sufferings are there in human body-form ?
Spontaneously generated human being dies quickly. And if born by uterrine birth, has to remain in the womb of mother for seven to ten months and has to remain there causing his limbs and sub-limbs contracted and suffers extreme pain at the time of birth (coming out from the womb of the mother); has to bear griefs of hunger, thirst and diseases in the infant stage because he can not express his pain. And if his parents die in his childhood he grows on the food given by others and if becomes educated in adulthood then it is o.k. otherwise he has to suffer humiliation before all. Someone is unmarried; if anyone is married his wife is wicked and corrupt;
if by chance any one had a good wife but expired soon; some one had no son; if some one has son but is entangled in bad habits/addictions, if someone's son is obedient, also proved to be good at schooling but expired in young age. There is wife and also children but they remain ill, some one is healthy but is poor, there is wealth but if it is lost, then he suffers trouble and pain. Today in the present age, people are oppressed due to unemployment. Marriageable age increasing due to which parents are also distressed. Daughter is to be married then dowry is needed. And what sort of other griefs are there, can not be anticipated. Elder brother has to bear insult by younger brothers. Father is also to be met with insult by his own son. To be brief, some one is grieved by body, someone by mind and someone owing to poverty. (Kartikeyanupreksha, 44-57)
12. Whether all human beings remain in trouble ?
Well, human beings of Bhogabhumi enjoy pleasures but that of Karmabhumi enjoy pleasure and also suffer pain. Whose virtuous 'Karma' is on rise, are happy and enjoy pleasure and whose sin 'Karma' is on rise, suffer pain.
13. How many Gunasthana are there in human body-form ?
There are 1 to 4 Gunasthana in the human beings of pleasure land and 1 to 14Gunasthana in the human beings of Karambhumi (land of action).
14. Where do human beings live ?
They live in Adhaidvipa, (a very large continent consisting of two, and half universal continents - Jamboodvipa, Dhatkikhand & Ardhapushkara).
15. What is the meaning of Adhaidvipa ?
Adhaidvipa & two oceans - Jamboodvipa, Lavan ocean, Dhatki Khanda, Kalodadhi ocean and half Puskardvipa.
16. Whether human beings can transgress the 'Manusottara mountain ?
Save beings of instantaneous birth (uppada) who are coming from the other outer side of the Manusottar mountain to take birth as human being and human beings whose soul-points emanate from the body without leaving the body (soul, performing Marnantika Samudghat (i.e. emanation of soul points to the next birth place just before death) or Kevali. Samudghata), no body can go beyond the Manusottar mountain, perhaps not even Vidyadhara (human beings who possess power to fly in the air) and Riddhi-endowed Muni (saint having super-natural power). Therefore the name of this mountain Manusottar Parvat is meaningful.
17. From where salvation is achieved ?
from Adhaidvipa.
18. How salvation is achieved from Bhogabhumi and oceans ?
'Riddhidhari Muni can get salvation by going to 'Bhogabhumi on their own and also whom celestial beings kidnap because of previous enmity and throw them into the Bhogabhumi and oceans. Such 'Muni' can get salvation from there.
19. Who are 'Vidhyadhara' and where they live ?
Those who get learnings (spells), from parents and by penance, are called 'Vidhyadhara'. All 'Vidhyadharas' live in the cities which are situated ten 'Yojana' above from the 'Vijaradha mountains' in south-north direction. Fourth division of 'Avasarpini kala' always remains there in vogue and first to fifth 'Gunasthana' (stages of spiritual development) exist there. The salvation can also be achieved abandoning 'Vidyayen' (i.e. powers to fly in the sky, etc.) and becoming 'Muni' therefore, all 'Gunasthana' also do exist there. (Jain Siddhant Kosh, 3/ 544, 1/275)
