Chapter-38 - Eleven Pratimayen of Shravaka (Eleven stages of renunciation of vowed Shravaka)

1. Who is called a Shravaka ?

A person of reverential belief, discerning and a dutyful one (active in performances), is called Shravaka.

2. How many kinds of Shravakas are there?

There are three kinds, viz. 'Pakshika Shravaka, 'Naisthika Shravaka' and 'Sadhaka Shravaka'.

1. Pakshika Shravaka - The 'Shravaka' who follows/observes the 'Satkarma' (six occupations for livelihood instructed by Lord Rishabha deva), possesses roughly eight basic attributes and renouncer of seven addictions. Such person who favoures the Lord Jinendra, is called 'Pakshika Shravaka'. He is a renouncer of night-eating.

2. Naisthika Shravaka - Observer of Darshana Pratima, etc. eleven Pratimayen is called 'Naisthika Shravaka'.

3. Sadhaka Shravaka - (i) One who is practising 'Samadhimarana' (holy death), is called 'Sadhaka Shravaka'.

(ii) That Shravaka who is striving happily for purification of the soul by holy (sacred) meditation, emaciating body, renouncing food and activities of mind, speech and body at the time of end of life, i.e. death, is a 'Sadhaka Shravaka'. (Sagardharmamrat, 1/20)

3. What are the names of eleven Pratimayen of Naisthika Shravaka ?

Darshan Pratima, Vrata Pratima, Samayika Pratima, Proshdhopvasa Pratima, Sachitta tyaga Pratima, Ratribhukti tyaga Pratima, Brahmacharya Pratima, Arambh tyaga Pratima, Parigrah tyaga Pratima, Anumati tyaga Pratima and Uddishta tyaga Pratima. (Ratankarand Shravkachar, 163)

4. What is called Pratima ?

Developing conduct of Shravaka, is Pratima.

5. What is Darshana Pratima ?

One who is pure by right belief, is indifferent to the body and sensual enjoyments, who has got the refuge of the feet of Panch Parmesthi and does not incur faults/transgression in the resolved eight fundamental virtues (Asta Moolguna) and in the renunciation of seven addictions, is the holder/observer of Darshan Pratima. He is free from stings (Shalyas). As a rule, he starts taking food with limitations and restrictions as per religious texts. The holder of this Pratima takes food before two Ghari (48 minutes) of sunset and can take food after two Ghari of sun-rise.

6. What is 'Shalya' and how many are they?

Which pricks into soul like a thorn, causes pain, is called Shalya. Shalyas are of three kinds - Falsehood Shalya (Mithya Shalya), Deception sting (Maya Shalya) and the desire for enjoyment and pleasure sting (Nidan Shalya). (Sarvarthsiddhi, 7/18/697)

1. Mithya Shalya - To have faith in non-realities (Tattvas).
2. Maya Shalya - 'No body knows my evil thoughts' with this motif in view, attracting people in the guise of outer conduct and keeping black heartedness within his heart, is Maya Shalya.
3. Nidan Shalya - Desiring fruit of sensual enjoyments in future for observing vows, is Nidan Shalya.

7. What is Vrata Pratima ?

Who observes five minor vows without any transgression, also observes seven supplementary vows, is called a observer of Vrata Pratima. (Special meaning of R.K.Shrav., 138)

8. What Anuvrata & Sheelvrata are ?

To renounce roughly the violence, falsehood, theft, unchastity (bad character) and accumulation of possessions, is partial vow (Anuvrata) and to observe 3 Gunvrata (vows enhancing vows/virtues) and 4 Shiksha Vrata (intructional vows), is Sheelvrata.

9. Enumerate the names of 5 Anuvratas and 7 Sheel vratas, (i.e. vow - safeguarding vow)?

Ahinsanu vrata (non-violence partial vow), Satyanu vrata (truth partial vow), Achauryanu vrata (non-theft partial vow), Brahmcharyanu vrata (celibacy partial vow) and Parigraha Pariman vrata (vow of limiting the possessions). Seven Sheel (vow-safeguarding vow) 3 supplementary vows or vows enchancing vows/virtues and 4 instructional vows.

10. What is Ahinsanu vrata ?

Who neither being predetermined, inflicts sufferings to any mobile being by mind, speech and body nor causes others to inflict nor approves of inflicting by others and does not do purpose-less violence of five Sthavaras (Immobile beings), he is called follower of Ahinsanuvrata. (R.K.S., 53)

11. What is Atichar(transgression) and Anachar (complete violation of observing vows)?

Breaking up of vows partially, is Atichar ,i.e. transgression and complete breaking of the vows, is Anachar.

12. What are the transgressions of non-violence partial vow ?

There are five transgressions of non-violence partial vow -

1. Bandha (Binding): To tie the human beings, animals, birds in such a way that they may not be able to move at will.
2. Vadh (Torturing): To beat with whip, flagellum, stick, hand, feet, etc. Here Vadh means not to deprive them from life, that is indeed Anachar.
3. Chheda (Piercing) - To pierce with ill intention (passion) limbs - sub-limbs of some one. Ears and nose of girls are also pierced for adorment, it does not come in Chheda.
4. Atibhararopan (Over-loading): Overloading the dependent animals beyond their capacity, taking over work from workers/servants.
5. Annapan Nirodha (Food prevention): Not to give food to the animals at proper time, also not allowing servants to go to take the food in time (Sarvartha siddhi, 7/25/711) and if the females do not cook food in time then it is also Annpan nirodha.

13. What is Satyanuvrata ?

Neither to speak gross untruth himself nor cause other to speak. The votary of the truth

partial vow does not also speak such truth that may result in danger/misfortune for some one,

is called Satyanuvrata. (Ratankarandak Shravakachar, 55)

14. What is gross untruth ?

Which is not considered wholesome in public behaviour such as -

1. Speaking otherwise after taking an oath.
2. To speak lie while holding the post of a Pancha (arbiter) or judge just as did king Vasu.
3. Being a sermoniser to exhort contrary preaching for example saying that Muni do not exist/appear in Pancham Kala, and today not even one Pratima could be observed.
4. To speak lie after giving assurance ,i.e. breach of trust.

15. How many transgressions are there of Satyanuvrata ?

There are five transgressions of Satyanuvrata -

1. Mithya Updesha : To exhort false teaching.
2. Rahobhyakhyan (secret divulgence): To make public the particular conduct of womanman in lonely place or the secrets of others.
3. Kootlekh Kriya (Forgery) : Keeping false documents, to get signature on the blank paper, to prepare false documents.
4. Nyasaphar (Misappropriation) : To misappropriate others property entrusted to one's care.
5. Sakar Mantra Bheda (Proclaiming others thoughts): Some persons were discussing on some topic by guessing their thoughts by their posture, facial expression ,etc. divulging their talks with the intension to defame them, it can also be said slandering or back-biting. (S. S., 7/26/712)

16. What is Achaurayanu vrata ?

One who neither takes nor gives to others, things, kept fallen, forgotten or not given except public water and soil, is called non-theft partial vow.

17. How many transgressions are there of non-theft vow ?

There are five transgressions of non-theft vow -

1. Stenprayoga (Prompting theft): To motivate for committing theft and to assist in theft by showing its various ways.
2. Tadahirtadana : To purchase stolen goods deliberately.
3. Viruddha Rajyatikrama (Violation of state law): To commit tax-evasion against state law, black marketing by keeping more stock of goods.
4. Hinadhik Manonman : Weight for weighting thing is called Man and the scale is called Unman. Keeping weights and scale of two types - Giving by lesser weights and taking by heavier weights.
5. Pratiroopak Vyavhar (Adulteration) : To sell goods by mixing less valued material apparently seeing similar in the material of more value at a higher price, for example to mix granulated wheat (सूजी) in poppy seed, papaya fruit seeds in black pepper, the millet flour in turmeric, etc. Today admixture also crept in the scriptures. The title and names of composer Acharyas remain unaltered and in Hindi commentary, in implied meaning (Bhavartha), in specific meaning, their own meaning are being inserted.

18. What is Brahmcharyanu Vrata ?

Regarding other women except one's own wife as mother, sister and daughter, i.e. to be detached from all, is called Svadar Santosh or Brahmcharyanu Vrata, i.e. satisfaction with one's own wife or who neither wishes others women because of fearing sin, nor tells others to do so. Remain satisfied with one's own wife, is called Svadar Santosh or Brahmcharyanu Vrata. (Ratankarandak Shravakachar, 59)

19. How many transgressions are there of Brahmcharyanu Vrata ?

There are five transgressions of Brahmcharyanu Vrata -

1. Parvivahakaran (Arranging marriages of others): To arrange / work as a chief person for the marriage of the offsprings of others, except marriage of his own offsprings or children of his dependent brother, etc., earning brokerage, tallying horoscope, etc.
2. Itvarikaaparigrahitgaman (Visiting immoral women): To remain in the company of unchaste, adulterous women who are without husband, to associate, to keep relation with them, having terms of taking and giving with them.
3. Itvarikaparigrahitgaman (Visiting immoral but married women): Coming and going to adulterous married women with husband, having terms of taking and giving with them.
4. Anang Krira : To have unnatural and perverted copulation ,i.e. with body organs not meant for sex.
5. Kamtivrabhinivesh (Intense sex desire) : Always to keep intense desire for sex. (S. S., 7/28/714)

20. What is Parigraha Pariman Vrata ?

Limiting wealth grains ,etc. ten types of external possessions and not desiring more than that, is limiting of possessions vow. Its other name is also Ichha Pariman Vrata, i.e. limiting desire Vrata.

21. How many transgressions are there of Parigraha ParimanVrata ?

Exceeding the limit set by one ownselfwith regard to ten types of possessions, viz. cultivable land, place of residence, money (coins, currency notes, etc.), gold, wealth (such as cow, etc.) grain (rice, wheat, etc.), male and female servants, all kinds of clothes / garments and domestic utensils, etc.

22. What is the fruit of observing five partial vows ?

Dissociation of Karmas happens constantly and as a rule, he attains celestial body-form and gains grandeur and magnificence there.

23. Who became famous by observing five partial vows ?

Yampal Chandal, Dhandeva Seth, Prince Varisen, Neeli and king Jaikumar became famous by observing respective non-violence, etc. partial vows. (R. K. S., 64)

24. What is Gunvrata and how many are they?

Those which enhance / increase the partial vows are Gunvrata (supplementary or vows enhancing partial vows). Just as which is the place of hedge in the protection of the cultivation that very place is of the Gunvrata for the protection of five partial vows. Gunvrata are of three kinds - Digvirati Vrata, Deshavirati Vrata and Anarthdandvrati Vrata (Direction - limiting vow, movement limiting vow and desisting from purposeless sinful activities).

25. What is Digvirati vrata (Direction - limiting vow) and how many transgressions are there of it ?

Fixing demarcation for coming and going in all the ten directions for the whole life for saving oneself from minute sins, not to move ahead of that, is Digvirati vrata, Just as Kolkata in the east, Chennai in the South, Mumbai in the west and Kashmir in the north. There are five transgressions of it -

1. Urdhavyatikrama (Exceeding upward direction limit) - To violate the limit movement set in upper direction out of ignorance, carelessness or greed.
2. Adhovyatikrama (Downward limit violation) - To violate the limit fixed in downward direction out of ignorance, carelessness or greed.
3. Tiryagvyatikrama (Horizontal direction limit violation) - To violate the horizontal limit out of ignorance, carelessness or greed.
4. Kshetravraddhi (Exceeding region) - To have intention of exceeding the limit of movement out of greed.
5. Vismaran (Forgetfulness) - To forgot the determined limit. (S. Siddhi, 7/30/717)

26. What is Deshavirati vrata and how many transgressions are there of it ?

Reducing further more the movement area even within demarcation fixed in Digvrata for the whole life, for example fixing the limit up to some Mohalla, cross-road for so and so hours, days, months ,etc., is called Deshavirati vrata. (R. K. S., 68) There are five transgression of it -

1. Anyan - To send for things beyond the demarcated region.
2. Preshya Prayog - Sending some one for doing some work beyond the demarcated region.
3. Shabdanupat - To attract a person towards ownself beyond the demarcated region by sound of cough, snapping fingers, calling on phone, fax.
4. Roopanupat - Making signs for persons beyond the limit - To beckon at some person beyond demarcated region through body gestures, by showing one's appearance, body, hand, cloths, etc.
5. Pudgalkshepa - Throwing material - To attract / call person beyond the demarcated region by throwing pebbles, stone, etc. (S. S., 7/31/718)

27. What is Anarthadand vrata and how many transgressions are there of it ?

The acts by which our no purpose is served and there is accumulation of sins in vain, such acts are called Anarthdanda and refraining from these activities, is Anarthdanda vrata. There are five transgressions of it -

1. Kandarpa (Vulgar jokes) - To utter vulgar words, cutting jokes in the intense passionate mood.
2. Kautkuchya (Gesticulative vulgar jokes) - To indulge even in evil gestures with vulgar jokes and unmannerly words.
3. Makhurya (Gossiping) - To talk nonsense with impertinence.
4. Asamikshyadhikaran (Purpose-less excessive activity) - Indulging in excessive activities without proper thinking and consideration of the purpose.
5. Upbhog paribhog Anarthakya (Excessive embellishment) - To collect excessive material of sensual enjoyments and reenjoyment without consideration of the purpose. (S.S., 7/32/719)

28. How many kinds of Anarthadanda are there?

There are 5 kinds of Anarthadanda -

1. Papopdesha - Instructing fraudulent trade ,etc. sinful activities, for example - do fishfarming, open slaughter house ,etc. Discussing that in so and so jungle there were very good deers, the butcher heard, then what happened, he went there and killed all the deers.
2. Himsadan - Supplying violent material / weapons and trading in them for example - giving and taking of bomb, pistal, hatchet, crackers, J.C.B. machine, crusher, equipments of blasting, etc. and keeping pet but violent animals like cat, dog, cock, snake, etc.
3. Apdhyan (Bad brooding) - Adopting others faults, desiring others wealth, desiring others woman, etc. contemplating death of other out of malice, desiring that his shop may destroy, his corn field any burn, he may gets defeat in election. His house may be robbed, etc.
4. Pramad charya (careless conduct) - Digging the earth without any purpose, wasting water, burning fire, keeping the fan on when no one is there, breaking vegetation, walking and causing others to walk, etc. without any purpose.
5. Dusshruti (Listening to obscene literature) - Reading, hearing of obscene literature and obscene songs, etc. which defile the mind and viewing of obscene dramas, television and cinema scene, is listening to obscene literature (Dusshruti).

29. What are Shikshavrata and how many are they ?

The vow which inspires to become a Muni, is Shikshavrata (instructional vow). Shikshavrata are of four kinds - Samayika (vow of attaining equanimity), Prosdhopvas (fasting on certain holy days), Upbhog Paribhog Pariman (vow of limiting consumable and non-consumable objects beyond one's need) and Atithi Sambibhag vrata (vow of offering food to the worthy guests).

30. What is Samayika Shikshavrata and how many transgressions are there of it ?

To assume feelings / thoughts of equanimity, is Samayika, Muni always assume equanimity but the Shravaka can not maintain equanimity constantly. He himself fixing time limit and renouncing all the five sins for that definite time by mind, speech, body and self-performed, getting done by others and approval thereof, meditates/reflects on the form /nature of supreme soul, is Samayika. The holder of this vow performs Samayika once, twice or thrice in a day. There are five transgressions of it -

1. Manah duspranidhan - To keep fraudulent tendency and inauspicious hesitations in the mind at the time of performing Samayika.
2. Vachan duspranidhan - Wrong pronunciation of Mantra, Samayika Path, etc., reading in haste, etc.
3. Kaya duspranidhan - To move hand - feet to see here and there while doing Samayika.
4. Anadar - Lack of earnestness towards equanimity - Doing Samayika only for the sake of fulfilling the taken-vow without proper enthusiasm.
5. Smratyanupasthan - Forgetfulness - Forgetting precisely the time of Samayika and while reading Samayika path begins to read Bhaktamar Path. (S. Siddhi, 7/33/720)

31. What is Prosdhopvasa Shikshavrata and how many transgressions are there of it ?

Prosadh means the day of festival and fasting on the festival day is called Prosdhopvasa. Renouncing all commencement involving violence and works on the day of fast, one should engage himself in religious meditation living in the forest or in the temple. Cleansing of teeth and bathing should be avoided on that day. If trying to learn, learn all things. Muni do not cleanse teeth and also do not take bath, Shravak should also avoid these on the fast day (R. K.S., 106-109). This Shiksha vrata is of three kinds -

(Vasunandi Shravakachar, 292)

Note - All the four kinds of food (edible material, drinking material, licking material and worth-tasting are to be abandoned) Its transgressions are five -

1. Apratyavekshit Apramarjita Utsarga -, i.e. unobserved excreting - To excrete excrements and urine on the unobserved and unclean land.

2. Apratyavekshit Apramarjita Adan -, i.e. unobserved handling - Handling equipment etc. without minutely inspecting and cleansing.

3. Apratyavekshit Apramarjita Sanstaropkraman -, i.e. unobserved spreading - To spread out own bed (carpet, mat, etc.) without minutely seeing and cleansing.

4. Anadar - Disrespect - Lack of earnestness / enthusiasm in ones essential duties due to suffering of hunger - thirst. 5. Smratyanupasthan - Forgetfulness - To forget even the essential duties. (Sarvarth Siddhi, 7/34/721)

32. What is Upbhog-paribhog pariman and what one learns to become Muni by this vow ?

Upbhog-paribhog pariman vrata, i.e. vow of limiting consumable and non-consumable objects - In the Paribhog Parigraha-pariman vrata , there was resolve for the whole life. For lessening attachment with those things within that resolve, to take further resolve each day that, 'today I will enjoy - reenjoy only so much things'.

Upbhoga - The thing which is enjoyable only once, like food, water, etc.

Paribhoga - The thing which is enjoyable again and again, like garments jwellary, vehicle, etc. (Sarvath Siddhi, 7/21/703) One learns from it that when he will become Muni and he does not get food-water according to season, agreeable to health then this kind of situation should be practised before hand.

33. Whether resolve is taken for both faultless edible and amoral food ?

Resolve not to take faultless edible food ,(i.e. limiting the food stuff) is taken because he is already a renouncer of amoral food stuff.

34. How many kinds of amoral foods are there?

Amoral foods are of five kinds which have been discussed in the chapter on Amoral food stuff.

35. How many transgressions are there of Upbhog-paribhog Pariman Vrata ?

There are five transgressions of Upbhog-paribhog Pariman Vrata -

1. Sachitt Aahar - To take green vegetables with organism - To take green fruits, flowers, leaves, etc. containing organism.
2. Sachitt Sambandh Aahar - Food placed near organism - To take sterillised food covered with organism-containing material and covered with green leaves containing organism.
3. Sachitt Sammishra Aahar - Food mixed with organism - To take food mixed with other food articles containing organism.
4. Abhishavaahar - Stimulating Aahar - To take heavy stimulating and intoxication-producing food, etc.
5. Duspakvaaahar - To take half-cooked, more cooked and burnt food material. (Sarvarth Siddhi, 7/35/722)

36. What is Atithi Samvibhaga Vrata and how many transgressions are there of it ?

One who moves without violating restraint, is called guest or whose date of arrival is not fixed, is called guest. To give food, provide medicines, equipments and place to stay, is Atithi samvibhag Vrata ,i.e. offering food, etc. to the honourable/worthy guests. Its transgressions are five -

1. Sachitta Nikshepa - Placing the food on thing with organism - To give food kept on the lotus leaf, etc. containing organism.
2. Sachitta Apidhan - Covering the food with thing containing organism - To give food covered with leaf containing organism.
3. Par Vyapdesha - To give indirect donation - Not to give food by himself but cause it to given by others or give food of others ownership.
4. Matsarya - To be jealous of other donors.
5. Kalatikrama - Invocation of guest after violating the time of food donation ,i.e. either too early or too late. (Sarvarth Siddhi, 7/36/723)

37. What is Samayika Pratima ?

Who meditates contemplating attributes / nature of self soul, of Jina idol, of alphabets signifying Panch Parmeshthi or reflecting twelve observances (Bhavnayen), is an observer of Samayika Pratima.

38. What is the procedure of performing Samayika ?

First of all standing towards east direction and reciting Namokar Mantra nine times, (i.e. Kayotsarga) then folding both hands turn them around thrice from left to right (like circumambulation), it is called Aavarta (turn), It is done in all the four directions (in east, south, west and north). After Aavarta to bow head standing all the while, is Pranam (paying obeisance). It is also done in all the four directions. Paying obeisance after Aavarta, Praman in sitting posture in the east direction, is Nishadya. This is done in the east and north direction. At the time of Aavarta it should be spoken that in the east, etc. direction, in its subdirection which omniscients, Jina, Siddha, Saints and Muni endowed with supernatural powers are present/ exist, I pay my obeisance to all of them by mind, speech and body.

At the time of performing Aavarta in the south, etc. direction, the name of that direction, sub-direction should be spoken. Thus after doing so in all the four directions should begin Samayika sitting facing towards north or east direction. The Samayika should also be concluded by repeating the same process.

39. What is the proper posture and place for Samayika ?

Two postures are prescribed for Samayika - Lotus posture and standing posture. The place should be solitary. The word solitary has many meanings - No other being should be there, the second meaning is no woman, animal, neuter should be there and no uproar, mosquito, scorpion ,etc. should be there. The forest, bank of the river have been regarded appropriate, if there is no such place is available then Samayika can also be performed in the house,

temple, etc.

40. What should be done in Samayika ?

The Samayika is to have equanimity between friend and foe, profit and loss, life and death. Shravaka should also keep equanimity at the time of Samayika. Calamities do occur, coldhot is felt, we should endure that with equanimity. We should think about the reality of the world, body and enjoyment, should contemplate twelve reflections (Barah Bhavnayen), repeat Namokar Mantra. If the mind goes astray while repeating the Mantra then it can also be done in other sequence, can also do in reverse order like Namo Loye Savvsahunam, can also begin from middle Namo Airiyanam, think of the place of pilgrimage which you visited, what are one, two, three- like one soul, two Jeeva, three gem's-trio, etc. should go on meditating, reflecting as far as one is able to do.

41. How the Samayika should be done ?

From the word 'how'we mean that Samayika should be sin /violence free, (i.e.Nirvadha). The word Avaddha means sin and the prefix 'Nir' means free from i.e. the Samayika should be free from sin. The Fan, T. V., Cooler, Heater, small Stove (Sigri) should not be kept on/active and should not also play tap recorder, etc.

42. What is the time of Samayika and how many times it should be performed ?

The excellent time is 3 'Ghari' before the Sun-rise (1.12 minutes) and up to 3 'Ghari' after the Sun-rise, also in afternoon before 3 Ghari' and up to 3 Ghari, similarly in the evening 3 'Ghari' before the Sun-set and up to 3 'Ghari' after Sun-set. The medium period is 2 "Ghari' each and the lowest of all is 1 'Ghari' each. For the holder of this Pratima performing Samayika in all the three times is indispensable.

43. How the afternoon period of Samayika is calculated ?

Just as Sun-rise takes place at 6 O'clock and Sun-set at 6 O'clock then the excellent time of the afternoon - Samayika is between 10.48 am to 1.12 pm and if the lowest time of all is to be calculated then it will be from 11.36 to 12.24, i.e. 48 minutes.

44. What is the difference between Samayika Shiksha Vrata and Samayika Pratima ?

1. There is a rule / prescription in the Samayika Pratima that Samayika should be performed three times in a day, there is no such rule in the Samayika Shiksha Vrata.
2. The Samayika remains transgression free in the Samayika Pratima but in the Samayika Shiksha Vrata the Samayika also remains with transgression.
3. Samayika can also be performed for 24 minutes in the Samayika Shiksha Vrata but in the Samayika Pratima the Samayika is a must at least for 48 minutes.
4. There is no rule / prescription of performing Avarta, etc. in Samayika Shiksha Vrata but in the Samayika Pratima there is prescription of performing Avarta ,etc. at the time of sitting.

45. What is Proshdhopvasa Pratima ?

Who as per rule observes 'Proshdhopvasa', i.e. keeps complete fast on 8th and 14th day of a lunar month and take food only once on the day just preceeding and after Ashtmi and Chaturdasi not hiding his potency (strength) that Shravaka is a observer of 'Proshdhopvasa Pratima'.

46. What is the difference between Prosdhopvas Shiksha Vrata and Prosdhopvas Pratima ?

The holder of Prosdhopvas Shiksha Vrata some times observes Prosdhopvas (fasting) and some times also do not observes but the holder of Prosdhopvas Pratima as a rule necessarily observes Prosdhopvas (fasting). (R. K. S., 140)

47. What is Sachitta Tyaga Pratima ?

'Chitta' means living organism ,i.e. Observer of 'Sachitta-tyaga Pratima' eats vegetables, etc. first making it lifeless (organismless). That 'Shravaka now does not take raw water, raw (untreated) vegetables, etc. He uses water before making it boiled or sterilized and also takes only cooked-vegetables or in the form of juice extracted by juicer machine. Though eating 'Sachitta' after making it 'Achitta', no vitality control, (saving of all beings), i.e. 'Prani Samyama' is observed but Sachitta-tyaga is essential with a view to observe 'Indriya Samyama'. This Pratima is also in the form of vow pertaining to religious instructions i.e. 'Shiksha Vrata' because Muni takes only 'Prasuka' (treated) food, therefore, this 'Shravaka' has started practice (accomplishment) of this vow from just now. (R.K.S.141)

48. What is Ratribhukti Tyaga Pratima ?

Renunciation of Night-eating is, precisely, included in the first 'Pratima' but now he does not cause any one else to eat, i.e. to feed others all the four kinds of food and also does not approve it (Kartikeyanupreksha, 382). The another (alias) name of this 'Pratima' is also 'Diva Maithun-Tyaga' (renunciation of copulation in the day) therefore, he does not indulge in copulation in the day.

49. What is Brahmacarya Pratima ?

Who renounces by way of mind, speech, body, self-performed, getting done by others and approval thereof, (i.e. Krit, Karit and Anumodna) sexual intercourse, is 'Shravaka' holder (observer) of 'Brahmacarya Pratima' (Kartikeyanupreksha 383). There is relation with one's own wife in the vow of celibacy (Brahmcarya Vrata) but in 'Brahmacarya Pratima' the Shravaka gets averred even from his own wife.

50. What is 'Arambha-tyaga Pratima'?

There is renunciation of all beginnings (Arambha) pertaining to occupational activities of agriculture, trade and service, etc. involving violence in this 'Pratima' (R.K.S. 144) but he does not renounce the beginnings of worship, anointment and cooking of food. Observer of this Pratima does not keep bank balance, but he can take house-rent and pension.

51. What is Arambha ?

The work/activity which involves violence of six kinds of body-forms of living being, is Arambha.

52. What is Parigraha-tyaga Pratima ?

Who keeps only utensils of worship, equipments of excrement and clothes and renounces all the rest belongings, that 'Shravaka' assumes 'Parigraha tyaga Pratima'.

53. What is Anumati-tyaga Pratima ,i.e. refraining from house-hold activities ?

The observer of this 'Pratima' now does not give his assent (permission) in any mundane activities (R.K.S., 146). Refraining from house-hold activities while even living in the house is really a critical time of his test. To refrain from house-hold activities is tested in house not in jungle. This very 'Pratima' is in the form of religious instructions (Shiksha vrata). After becoming Muni in future he keeps mum in preachings of worldly activities. Likewise, that 'Shravaka' is practising (accomplishing) it from just now. The observer of ten 'Pratimayen' can also live in the house.

54. What is Uddistha tyaga Pratima ?

The observer 'Shravaka' of this 'Pratima', renouncing home and accepting/ assuming vows, lives in the group (congregation) of Jain saints (Muni) and takes food by mendicancy and assumes one fragment cloth.(R.K.S., 147). There are two kinds of this Pratima-'Ailaka' and Kshullaka'. Ailaka take food only in their hand-bowl, they pluck their hair (perform Keshlonch) but there is no such rule that they should observe fast on that day. They wear a lion-cloth alone. Kshullaka also keep a sheet or dupatta along with the lion-cloth. That sheet or dupatta is a fragment cloth ,i.e. the measurement of the dupatta should be so that it could not cover their whole body after spreading it, i.e. while sleeping the face and the feet both could not be covered together. They can take food in vessel and also in hand-bowl. There is no rule of Keshlonch' for them, they can get their hair shaved. In ancient time their food intake-routine was such that they used to take/collect food from seven houses in the vessel and if any Shravaka asked them to take their food sitting in his house, then they used to eat accordingly and if not told, then they could take food in the place of their stay. But at present there is no such tradition, they too come out for the food- intake-routine like Muni.

55. Who holders of Pratima are called of low, medium and high status ?

The holder of the first to sixth Pratima is called a Shravaka of a low status and from seventh to nineth as medium and that of the tenth and eleventh is of high status.

56. What is called that women who is holder of the eleventh Pratima ?

The woman holding eleventh Pratima is called Kshullika. She keeps one Sari and one fragment cloth, her remaining routine is similar to the Kshullaka.

57. In how many places the Shravaka keeps mum ?

Shravaka should observe silence in seven places, while performing six indispensables (necessary works),viz. taking food, while vomiting, bathing, copulation, excreting faeces and urine, worshipping Lord Jinendra and where there is possibility of committing sin.

58. What should be said (addressed) to whom for paying reverential greeting ?

Reverential greeting should be paid -

For Muni : Namostu

For Aryika : Vandami

For Ailaka - Kshullaka and holders of the tenth Pratima : Ichhami

Other holders of Pratima : Vandna

Co-religious follows : Jai Jinendra